In the realm of archaeology, the integration of modern technology has changed the way researchers explore, document, and preserve ancient sites. Among these technological advancements, drone surveying, mapping, and photogrammetry have emerged as invaluable tools, offering archaeologists easy and safe access to remote or inaccessible areas and enabling the creation of highly detailed 3D models of archaeological sites and landscapes. This article explores the impact of drone technology on archaeological research, focusing on its applications, benefits, and challenges in the United Kingdom.
Enhancing Site Documentation and Preservation
Drone technology has significantly improved the documentation and preservation of archaeological sites. By capturing high-resolution aerial imagery and generating detailed topographic maps, drones enable archaeologists to create accurate digital representations of ancient structures and landscapes. These 3D models provide valuable insights into the layout and spatial relationships of archaeological features and serve as vital records for future research and conservation efforts.
Mapping and Surveying Remote Sites
One of the most significant advantages of drones in archaeology is their ability to access remote or difficult-to-reach locations with ease. In the UK, where many archaeological sites are located in rural or inaccessible areas, drones offer a cost-effective and efficient solution for surveying and mapping. From hillforts and burial mounds to Roman ruins and medieval castles, drones can capture detailed aerial imagery that aids in identifying, documenting, and interpreting archaeological features.
Accelerating Discovery and Research
Drone technology has accelerated the pace of archaeological discovery and research by allowing archaeologists to cover large areas in a relatively short amount of time. Traditional ground-based surveys can be time-consuming and labour-intensive, whereas drones can quickly survey vast landscapes and identify potential archaeological sites from above. This rapid data collection enables researchers to prioritise areas for further investigation and uncover previously unknown archaeological remains.
Where has it been used?
Several archaeological projects in the UK have demonstrated the effectiveness of drone technology in enhancing research and exploration. For example, the Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project used drones with LiDAR sensing to reveal hidden features and structures surrounding the iconic monument, shedding new light on its ancient landscape and significance. Similarly, the use of drones in the mapping and documentation of Roman forts along Hadrian's Wall has provided valuable insights into the Roman occupation of Britain.
While unmanned technology offers numerous benefits to archaeological research, it also presents challenges and ethical considerations. Ensuring the responsible use of drones to minimise damage to fragile archaeological sites and mitigate privacy concerns is paramount. Additionally, researchers must navigate regulatory frameworks governing drone operations, including airspace regulations and permits required for aerial surveys.
Drone surveying, mapping, and photogrammetry have radically enhanced archaeological research in the UK, offering archaeologists powerful tools for exploration, and documentation. The role of aerial surveying in archaeology is likely to expand, unlocking new insights into the ancient past and preserving our cultural heritage for future generations.
References:
Gaffney, V., & Gaffney, C. (2020). "The Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project: geophysics and the digital humanities." Antiquity, 94(377), 295-310.
Historic England. (2017). "Remote sensing and aerial photography in archaeology." Retrieved from https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/remote-sensing-aerial-photography-archaeology/.
Opitz, R., & Cowley, D. (2018). "Interpretation in Archaeology: The Use of Aerial Photographs and Other Remote Sensing Techniques." Routledge.
Wilson, A. (2016). "A Landscape of Roman Forts." British Archaeology, (152), 32-37.
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